Which condition is a complication of a horseshoe kidney?
Answer: Hydronephrosis, infection, and stone formation
Which condition is a complication of a horseshoe kidney?
Answer: Hydronephrosis, infection, and stone formation
Answer: Hydronephrosis, infection, and stone formation
A child whose kidneys are enlarged presents with chills, fever, and abdominal pain. The most likely diagnosis is:
A child whose kidneys are enlarged presents with chills, fever, and abdominal pain. The most likely diagnosis is:
Answer: Acute pyelonephritis
What is the cause of minimal change nephropathy?
What is the cause of minimal change nephropathy?
Answer: Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
A patient presents with skin lesions as well as hematuria, proteinuria, and abdominal pain. Which is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient presents with skin lesions as well as hematuria, proteinuria, and abdominal pain. Which is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
Answer: Henoch-Schonlein purpura
A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which statement regarding this child's acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is true?
A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which statement regarding this child's acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is true?
Answer: The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown
A patient presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
A patient presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
Answer: Potter syndrome
A 2-month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly?
A 2-month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly?
Answer: Epispadias
Kussmaul respirations can be a result of:
Kussmaul respirations can be a result of:
Answer: Primary edema and metabolic acidosis
Which condition may cause obstructed urine flow?
Which condition may cause obstructed urine flow?
Answer:
-Prostate enlargement
-Pelvic organ prolapse
-Low bladder wall compliance
-Detrusor hyperreflexia
Which is a factor that is required before a stone is formed?
Which is a factor that is required before a stone is formed?
Answer:
-Super saturation of one of the salts
-Precipitation from a liquid to a solid
-Aggregation
-Presence or absence of Tamm-Horsfall protein
Which is a determinant of severity for obstructive uropathy?
Which is a determinant of severity for obstructive uropathy?
Answer:
1. locations of blockage
2. the degree of completeness
3. duration
4. involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts
5. cause of the lesion
A diabetic child with 4.0 grams of protein in her urine each day is experiencing edema and vitamin D deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A diabetic child with 4.0 grams of protein in her urine each day is experiencing edema and vitamin D deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Nephrotic syndrome
With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
Answer: Group A streptococcus
A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract that is likely to cause such symptoms?
A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract that is likely to cause such symptoms?
Answer: Pyelonephritis
Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct?
Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct?
Answer: Symptoms include hematuria. (flank pan, and flank/abdominal mass)
A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which condition is associated with this medical problem?
A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which condition is associated with this medical problem?
Answer: spinal cord injury
A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
Answer: Struvite
A survivor of a childhood cancer is at risk for developing a cancer later in life related to factors that include:
A survivor of a childhood cancer is at risk for developing a cancer later in life related to factors that include:
Answer:
1. receiving chemotherapy for the original cancer
2. having a family history of the original cancer
3. receiving radiation for the original cancer
4. an original cancer being a soft tissue sarcoma
The first risk factor to be considered when a child is diagnosed with a carcinoma is:
The first risk factor to be considered when a child is diagnosed with a carcinoma is:
Answer: exposure to an environmental toxin
Which of the following children should be monitored closely for the symptomatology of leukemia?
Which of the following children should be monitored closely for the symptomatology of leukemia?
Answer: 2-year-old diagnosed with *Down syndrome*
It is believed that the survival rates for childhood cancer survivors have improved primarily because:
It is believed that the survival rates for childhood cancer survivors have improved primarily because:
Answer: less toxic treatments have been developed
Which of the following viruses has been linked with the development of cancer?
Which of the following viruses has been linked with the development of cancer?
Answer: Epstein-Barr: linked with the development of Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin disease
The most common malignancy in children is:
The most common malignancy in children is:
Answer: leukemia
A TRUE statement regarding a childhood embryonic tumor includes, "The tumor contains:
A TRUE statement regarding a childhood embryonic tumor includes, "The tumor contains:
Answer: undifferentiated cells
Childhood cancers generally:
Childhood cancers generally:
Answer: originate from the mesodermal layer
Radiation-induced damage is affected by factors that include:
Radiation-induced damage is affected by factors that include:
Answer: dose response, repair mechanisms, antioxidants, protraction
Which cancers are linked to obesity and a higher risk of death?
Which cancers are linked to obesity and a higher risk of death?
Answer: esophageal, stomach, colorectal
Regarding the body's defense mechanisms against cell damage, it is true that:
Regarding the body's defense mechanisms against cell damage, it is true that:
Answer:
-the phase I activation enzyme is represented by cytochrome P450
-the enzymes that protect against damage are found predominantly in the liver
-most xenobiotics are transported in the blood by lipoproteins
Excessive alcohol consumption is connected with cancer of the:
Excessive alcohol consumption is connected with cancer of the:
Answer: oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, and liver
Which BEST describes the term therapeutic index?
Which BEST describes the term therapeutic index?
Answer: The relative effective dose needed to kill cancer without harming normal cells
Which is a characteristic of cachexia?
Which is a characteristic of cachexia?
Answer: early satiety
Long-term exposure to asbestos is most likely to resort in development of cancer of the:
Long-term exposure to asbestos is most likely to resort in development of cancer of the:
Answer: lung
It is accurate to assume that a patient diagnosed with melanoma is most likely:
It is accurate to assume that a patient diagnosed with melanoma is most likely:
Answer: experiencing a lesion on the back of the legs
When a patient has been diagnosed with a basal cell carcinoma, it is correct to assume that the:
When a patient has been diagnosed with a basal cell carcinoma, it is correct to assume that the:
Answer: lesion is most likely found on the arms and legs
It is a TRUE that ultraviolet light:
It is a TRUE that ultraviolet light:
Answer: induces the tumor necrosis factor
It is TRUE that tobacco smoking is:
It is TRUE that tobacco smoking is:
Answer: associated with both small and squamous cell carcinomas
Research has shown a connection between the development of cancer and the:
Research has shown a connection between the development of cancer and the:
Answer:
-Epstein-Barr virus
-hepatitis B virus.
-hepatitis C virus
-HPV
When a patient is diagnosed with a benign tumor, it can be assumed that the tumor is:
When a patient is diagnosed with a benign tumor, it can be assumed that the tumor is:
Answer:
1. well encapsulated.
2. well differentiated.
The name for the process whereby tumor cells generate their own blood supply is referred to as:
The name for the process whereby tumor cells generate their own blood supply is referred to as:
Answer: angiogenesis
A mutation that occurs due to changes in nucleotide base-pairs is described as a:
A mutation that occurs due to changes in nucleotide base-pairs is described as a:
Answer: point mutation
Which gene in its normal state negatively regulates cell proliferation?
Which gene in its normal state negatively regulates cell proliferation?
Answer: tumor suppressor genes
The serum marker used to evaluate a tumor of the adrenal gland is:
The serum marker used to evaluate a tumor of the adrenal gland is:
Answer: catecholamines
A cancerous tumor that is very poorly differentiated is referred to as being:
A cancerous tumor that is very poorly differentiated is referred to as being:
Answer: anaplastic
Cancer of the connective tissue is referred to as a:
Cancer of the connective tissue is referred to as a:
Answer: sarcoma
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it:
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it:
Answer: can spread far from the tissue of origin
An example of type IV sensitivity reactions would include:
An example of type IV sensitivity reactions would include:
Answer:
-graft rejection
-skin test for tuberculosis
-autoimmune processes
-poison ivy blebs
The mechanism by which a type II hypersensitivity reaction affects cells includes which of the following?
The mechanism by which a type II hypersensitivity reaction affects cells includes which of the following?
Answer:
1. The cell is destroyed by antibody and complement
2. Antibody may cause phagocytosis
3. Components of neutrophils will release their granules
4. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Urticaria is also known as:
Urticaria is also known as:
Answer: Hives, wheal/flare, and dermal skin reaction
The action of histamine results in the:
The action of histamine results in the:
Answer: Increase of vascular permeability, edema,increase of blood flow into the affected area, bronchoconstriction
Hypersensitivity reactions include:
Hypersensitivity reactions include:
Answer:
1. type I IgE allergic reactions
2. type II tissue-specific reactions
3. type III immune complex reactions
4. type IV cell mediated reactions
A patient who is a type AB+ blood will:
A patient who is a type AB+ blood will:
Answer: produce no anti-D antibodies
Which is true for a patient who is transfused with a unit of unmatched packed RBCs? The unit:
Which is true for a patient who is transfused with a unit of unmatched packed RBCs? The unit:
Answer: is type O blood and will have neither A nor B antigens
Which of the following is TRUE regarding organ transplant rejection?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding organ transplant rejection?
Answer: It is a type IV hypersensitivity
A patient who presents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is likely to:
A patient who presents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is likely to:
Answer: report symptoms of arthritis
A type IV allergic reaction will:
A type IV allergic reaction will:
Answer: be transferred by cells
Serum sickness is:
Serum sickness is:
Answer: caused by the formation of immune complexes
Atopic individuals:
Atopic individuals:
Answer: tend to produce higher quantities of IgE
An accurate description of a type I reaction would be that it:
An accurate description of a type I reaction would be that it:
Answer: is generally allergic in nature
It is accurate to state that:
It is accurate to state that:
Answer: allergy means deleterious effects of hypersensitivity
The IgE antibody is correctly described as:
The IgE antibody is correctly described as:
Answer:
-a common cause of common allergies
-capable of protecting the host from parasites
The molecular classes of immunoglobulins include:
The molecular classes of immunoglobulins include:
Answer: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE
The degree of immunogenicity is influenced by:
The degree of immunogenicity is influenced by:
Answer: foreignness to the host, size, quantity, and complexity
The excessive production of cytokines and Th-cell activation and proliferation is a result of:
The excessive production of cytokines and Th-cell activation and proliferation is a result of:
Answer: superantigen
It is accurate to describe the humoral response as:
It is accurate to describe the humoral response as:
Answer: becoming activated upon recognition of an antigen
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